1.Linctuses (Oral Solutions):
liquid oral prep, used as demulcent, expectorants and sedatives to sooth throat and cough, formulated as viscous sugar solutions
2.Mixtures and solutions:
simple oral preps with dissolved drugs
3.Elixir:
liquid oral prep of potent / unpleasantly-tasting drugs. To mask taste: high sugar/sweetening agents (pediatric elixirs: fruit syrup) levels. Non-aqueous solvents/ solubilising agents.
4.Draught (= shot):
liquid prep. formulated as single dose in a larger volume than normal.
5.Pediatric (elderly, animals) drops:
oral liquid formulation of potent drugs in solution. Accuracy when given by nurse.
6. Gargles and Mouthwashes:
concentrated aqueous solutions, diluted before use.
7. Syrup (=flavoring vehicles):
viscous solution of sugar (sucrose).
8. Spirits:
Volatile solutions of 1/more active drugs in ethanol 96%/dilute ethanol.
9.Oils:
vehicles for fat soluble drugs/vitamins.
10.Juices, Aromatic water, water (potable, distilled, purified)
11. Preservatives:
hard to get good preservatives at a safe, efficient and efficacious level. Syrup over 65% and low pH, chloroform (volatile, loss through plastics, carcinogenic): 1:20dilution, ethanol. parabens.
12.Antioxidants:
non-toxic, non-irritant, effective at low []s, odorless, tasteless, soluble in vehicle, stable.
13. Viscosity enhancers:
improve palatability and ease of pouring.
14. Sweetening agents:
glucose, sucrose, syrups, honey
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol
sodium&calcium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfate potassium, thaumatin
15.Flavoring agents:
juices (raspberry), extracts (liquorice), spirits (lemon), syrups (blackcurrant), tinctures (ginger), aromatic water (cinnamon)
16.Coloring agents:
non-toxic, non-irritant, compatible
mask unpleasant appearance, color-flavor, identification
17.Galenical preps of crude drugs
concentrated products of natural-origin drugs
liquid oral prep, used as demulcent, expectorants and sedatives to sooth throat and cough, formulated as viscous sugar solutions
2.Mixtures and solutions:
simple oral preps with dissolved drugs
3.Elixir:
liquid oral prep of potent / unpleasantly-tasting drugs. To mask taste: high sugar/sweetening agents (pediatric elixirs: fruit syrup) levels. Non-aqueous solvents/ solubilising agents.
4.Draught (= shot):
liquid prep. formulated as single dose in a larger volume than normal.
5.Pediatric (elderly, animals) drops:
oral liquid formulation of potent drugs in solution. Accuracy when given by nurse.
6. Gargles and Mouthwashes:
concentrated aqueous solutions, diluted before use.
7. Syrup (=flavoring vehicles):
viscous solution of sugar (sucrose).
8. Spirits:
Volatile solutions of 1/more active drugs in ethanol 96%/dilute ethanol.
9.Oils:
vehicles for fat soluble drugs/vitamins.
10.Juices, Aromatic water, water (potable, distilled, purified)
11. Preservatives:
hard to get good preservatives at a safe, efficient and efficacious level. Syrup over 65% and low pH, chloroform (volatile, loss through plastics, carcinogenic): 1:20dilution, ethanol. parabens.
12.Antioxidants:
non-toxic, non-irritant, effective at low []s, odorless, tasteless, soluble in vehicle, stable.
13. Viscosity enhancers:
improve palatability and ease of pouring.
14. Sweetening agents:
glucose, sucrose, syrups, honey
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol
sodium&calcium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfate potassium, thaumatin
15.Flavoring agents:
juices (raspberry), extracts (liquorice), spirits (lemon), syrups (blackcurrant), tinctures (ginger), aromatic water (cinnamon)
16.Coloring agents:
non-toxic, non-irritant, compatible
mask unpleasant appearance, color-flavor, identification
17.Galenical preps of crude drugs
concentrated products of natural-origin drugs
maceration (soaking in fluid), percolation (filter), decotation (boiling), digestion (by bac), infusion (pouring)
18.Tinctures:
alcoholic liquids containing low [crude drugs]
maceration, percolation
19.Infusions (~Tea bag):
dilute solutions of readily soluble drugs, made by pouring boiling water on drug, then comminutation (filter through sieve) and maceration.
20.Oxymels:
preps of acetic acid+honey vehicles for crufe drugs
21.Powder mixtures:
simple form of preps for reconstitution (ensure drug evenly dispersed in powder mix by uniform particles)
22.Granules for reconstitution:
granulated preps-more elegant appearance than powders, involves heating, contact with solvents, less dense than powders and may require larger containers.
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