http://basic-clinical-pharmacology.net/chapter%2048_%20antifungal%20agents_files/image011.gif
Πέμπτη 27 Μαΐου 2010
Δευτέρα 24 Μαΐου 2010
Κυριακή 23 Μαΐου 2010
Σάββατο 22 Μαΐου 2010
POMPHOLYX
It is a type of ezcema that usually appears in the hands or feet. Its cause is unknown, but it is thought to be linked to stress, a reaction to neomycin or an irritation from perfumes, chemicals, metals.
http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Pompholyx.htm
http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Pompholyx.htm
Τετάρτη 19 Μαΐου 2010
Κυριακή 16 Μαΐου 2010
Chimeric fusion proteins
They can bind 2mols of TNFα and prevents rec interaction by steric hindrance.
http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/6/11/2995/F1.large.jpg
http://www.arthritis.co.za/images/enbrel%20img1E.jpg
Σάββατο 15 Μαΐου 2010
Dismutation
A reaction involving a single substance but producing two products; e.g., two molecules of acetaldehyde may react, producing an oxidation product (acetic acid) and a reduction product (ethyl alcohol).
http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?query=dismutation
Hyaluronan
http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v11/n11/images/nm1105-1161-F1.jpg
One of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, hyaluronan contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration, and may also be involved in the progression of some malignant tumors. It is secreted by fibroblasts (synovial in RA)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronan
Πέμπτη 13 Μαΐου 2010
Solutions
1.Linctuses (Oral Solutions):
liquid oral prep, used as demulcent, expectorants and sedatives to sooth throat and cough, formulated as viscous sugar solutions
2.Mixtures and solutions:
simple oral preps with dissolved drugs
3.Elixir:
liquid oral prep of potent / unpleasantly-tasting drugs. To mask taste: high sugar/sweetening agents (pediatric elixirs: fruit syrup) levels. Non-aqueous solvents/ solubilising agents.
4.Draught (= shot):
liquid prep. formulated as single dose in a larger volume than normal.
5.Pediatric (elderly, animals) drops:
oral liquid formulation of potent drugs in solution. Accuracy when given by nurse.
6. Gargles and Mouthwashes:
concentrated aqueous solutions, diluted before use.
7. Syrup (=flavoring vehicles):
viscous solution of sugar (sucrose).
8. Spirits:
Volatile solutions of 1/more active drugs in ethanol 96%/dilute ethanol.
9.Oils:
vehicles for fat soluble drugs/vitamins.
10.Juices, Aromatic water, water (potable, distilled, purified)
11. Preservatives:
hard to get good preservatives at a safe, efficient and efficacious level. Syrup over 65% and low pH, chloroform (volatile, loss through plastics, carcinogenic): 1:20dilution, ethanol. parabens.
12.Antioxidants:
non-toxic, non-irritant, effective at low []s, odorless, tasteless, soluble in vehicle, stable.
13. Viscosity enhancers:
improve palatability and ease of pouring.
14. Sweetening agents:
glucose, sucrose, syrups, honey
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol
sodium&calcium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfate potassium, thaumatin
15.Flavoring agents:
juices (raspberry), extracts (liquorice), spirits (lemon), syrups (blackcurrant), tinctures (ginger), aromatic water (cinnamon)
16.Coloring agents:
non-toxic, non-irritant, compatible
mask unpleasant appearance, color-flavor, identification
17.Galenical preps of crude drugs
concentrated products of natural-origin drugs
liquid oral prep, used as demulcent, expectorants and sedatives to sooth throat and cough, formulated as viscous sugar solutions
2.Mixtures and solutions:
simple oral preps with dissolved drugs
3.Elixir:
liquid oral prep of potent / unpleasantly-tasting drugs. To mask taste: high sugar/sweetening agents (pediatric elixirs: fruit syrup) levels. Non-aqueous solvents/ solubilising agents.
4.Draught (= shot):
liquid prep. formulated as single dose in a larger volume than normal.
5.Pediatric (elderly, animals) drops:
oral liquid formulation of potent drugs in solution. Accuracy when given by nurse.
6. Gargles and Mouthwashes:
concentrated aqueous solutions, diluted before use.
7. Syrup (=flavoring vehicles):
viscous solution of sugar (sucrose).
8. Spirits:
Volatile solutions of 1/more active drugs in ethanol 96%/dilute ethanol.
9.Oils:
vehicles for fat soluble drugs/vitamins.
10.Juices, Aromatic water, water (potable, distilled, purified)
11. Preservatives:
hard to get good preservatives at a safe, efficient and efficacious level. Syrup over 65% and low pH, chloroform (volatile, loss through plastics, carcinogenic): 1:20dilution, ethanol. parabens.
12.Antioxidants:
non-toxic, non-irritant, effective at low []s, odorless, tasteless, soluble in vehicle, stable.
13. Viscosity enhancers:
improve palatability and ease of pouring.
14. Sweetening agents:
glucose, sucrose, syrups, honey
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol
sodium&calcium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfate potassium, thaumatin
15.Flavoring agents:
juices (raspberry), extracts (liquorice), spirits (lemon), syrups (blackcurrant), tinctures (ginger), aromatic water (cinnamon)
16.Coloring agents:
non-toxic, non-irritant, compatible
mask unpleasant appearance, color-flavor, identification
17.Galenical preps of crude drugs
concentrated products of natural-origin drugs
maceration (soaking in fluid), percolation (filter), decotation (boiling), digestion (by bac), infusion (pouring)
18.Tinctures:
alcoholic liquids containing low [crude drugs]
maceration, percolation
19.Infusions (~Tea bag):
dilute solutions of readily soluble drugs, made by pouring boiling water on drug, then comminutation (filter through sieve) and maceration.
20.Oxymels:
preps of acetic acid+honey vehicles for crufe drugs
21.Powder mixtures:
simple form of preps for reconstitution (ensure drug evenly dispersed in powder mix by uniform particles)
22.Granules for reconstitution:
granulated preps-more elegant appearance than powders, involves heating, contact with solvents, less dense than powders and may require larger containers.
Τετάρτη 12 Μαΐου 2010
GMP- Definitions
GMP stands for Good Manufacturing Practice and cGMP for current good manufacturing practice. It is of the Quality Assurance (QA) and ensures that manufacturing mett the standards. More specifically, it ensures that products are consistently produced and controlled to quality standards appropriate to their intended use.
QA is a wide ranging concept, it covers all matters which influence quality of product and it is defined as the sum of organised arrangements with object of ensuring med. products are of quality for intended use (GMP) and factors outside Orange Guide.
Quality control is GMP sampling, specifications, testing, organisation, documentation, release procedures to ensure the necessary and relevant tests are actually carried out and that materials not released to use or products for sale and supply, until their quality judged satisfactory.
Marketing Authorisation (=Product License)
any UK medicinal product--> PL/MA on packaging
2 basic requirements to gain:
1. Dossier (dif. for new chemical entity vs generic) with evidence on safety, efficacy and quality --> MHRA
2. pharmaceutical manufacturer holds:
Manufacturer's Licence (by MHRA) AKA Manufacture's Authorisation
site inspected by MHRA to ensure safety
GMP certificate (UK contract manuf.), letter of certificate (overseas contract manuf.)
In EU alternative ways to obtain MA. A central registration for the whole EU/ rgistration in one member state and a reciprocal arrangement to allow for a simplified MA in other member states.
FDA, PFSB, TGA, EMEA=MHRA
Orange Guide: Rules and Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Distributors
John Sharp
QA is a wide ranging concept, it covers all matters which influence quality of product and it is defined as the sum of organised arrangements with object of ensuring med. products are of quality for intended use (GMP) and factors outside Orange Guide.
Quality control is GMP sampling, specifications, testing, organisation, documentation, release procedures to ensure the necessary and relevant tests are actually carried out and that materials not released to use or products for sale and supply, until their quality judged satisfactory.
Marketing Authorisation (=Product License)
any UK medicinal product--> PL/MA on packaging
2 basic requirements to gain:
1. Dossier (dif. for new chemical entity vs generic) with evidence on safety, efficacy and quality --> MHRA
2. pharmaceutical manufacturer holds:
Manufacturer's Licence (by MHRA) AKA Manufacture's Authorisation
site inspected by MHRA to ensure safety
GMP certificate (UK contract manuf.), letter of certificate (overseas contract manuf.)
In EU alternative ways to obtain MA. A central registration for the whole EU/ rgistration in one member state and a reciprocal arrangement to allow for a simplified MA in other member states.
FDA, PFSB, TGA, EMEA=MHRA
Orange Guide: Rules and Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Distributors
John Sharp
Κυριακή 9 Μαΐου 2010
Τρίτη 4 Μαΐου 2010
Δευτέρα 3 Μαΐου 2010
Targeting HIV-1 Cell Entry
Engineered zinc fingers designed to span a specific site on the CCR5 gene (TM gene). ZFN-nuclease cleaves DNA, a new gene is inserted, editing and making CD4+cells resistant to HIV-1 infections.
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