How HIV infects the cells

DNA repair

Proteins post-translational modifications

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif&imgrefurl=http://bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/lecture7_3.html&usg=__nGDeOefIMjPxSoliWo8T1c2Jsxs=&h=581&w=510&sz=18&hl=el&start=8&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=DGnhgZ7y7pScjM:&tbnh=134&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dserine%2Bphosphorylation%26hl%3Del%26lr%3D%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:el:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7ADBF_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/protein-modifications.html

Rational drug design

http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020912.html

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

It can be a side of antiretroviral Nevirapine:

Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a rare, serious disorder in which your skin and mucous membranes react severely to a medication or infection. Often, Stevens-Johnson syndrome begins with flu-like symptoms, followed by a painful red or purplish rash that spreads and blisters, eventually causing the top layer of your skin to die and shed.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome is an emergency medical condition that usually requires hospitalization. Treatment focuses on eliminating the underlying cause, controlling symptoms and minimizing complications.

Recovery after Stevens-Johnson syndrome can take weeks to months, depending on the severity of your condition. If your doctor determines that your case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome was caused by medication, you'll need to permanently avoid the medication and all others related to it.

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/stevens-johnson-syndrome/DS00940/DSECTION=symptoms

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/erythema_multiforme.html

fragment based drug design

http://www.astex-therapeutics.com/technology/fbdd.php

Wilson disease

Wilson disease is a genetic disorder that prevents the body from getting rid of extra copper. A small amount of copper obtained from food is needed to stay healthy, but too much copper is poisonous. In Wilson disease, copper builds up in the liver, brain, eyes, and other organs. Over time, high copper levels can cause life-threatening organ damage.

http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/wilson/

Vitamin D metabolism

Pro-Vit.D--> Vit.D3 (in skin with UV light)
Vit.D3--> 25-0H (in liver)
25-OH--> 1,25 (0H)2 (in kidneys)
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/vitamind.html

Grief

"Grief is the normal process of reacting to the loss. Grief reactions may be felt in response to physical losses (for example, a death) or in response to symbolic or social losses (for example, divorce or loss of a job). Each type of loss means the person has had something taken away. As a family goes through a cancer illness, many losses are experienced, and each triggers its own grief reaction. Grief may be experienced as a mental, physical, social, or emotional reaction. Mental reactions can include anger, guilt, anxiety, sadness, and despair. Physical reactions can include sleeping problems, changes in appetite, physical problems, or illness. Social reactions can include feelings about taking care of others in the family, seeing family or friends, or returning to work. As with bereavement, grief processes depend on the relationship with the person who died, the situation surrounding the death, and the person’s attachment to the person who died. Grief may be described as the presence of physical problems, constant thoughts of the person who died, guilt, hostility, and a change in the way one normally acts.

Bereavement is the period after a loss during which grief is experienced and mourning occurs. The time spent in a period of bereavement depends on how attached the person was to the person who died, and how much time was spent anticipating the loss.

Mourning is the process by which people adapt to a loss. Mourning is also influenced by cultural customs, rituals, and society’s rules for coping with loss."

"Being aware of your feelings and their natural flow has several advantages. Your feelings both warn you and assure you. They act as indicators of how you are at the moment or over a stretch of time. Feelings can gauge of your sense of being fully alive.
Feelings can be locked inside and consequently, keep an experience very much alive. If this is a painfilled emotion, the weight of it can drag you down year after year. To prevent being diminished in any way, it is important that we recognize that the feeling exists, understand why it is there, talk about it with someone that is trustworthy, let go of it, and move on.
Your feelings reflect the way you perceive the world around you, as well as yourself. Without awareness of your feelings, we have no real awareness of life itself. You may be afraid to express your honest feelings out of fear or rejections, ridicule, or loss of control of your feelings. The negative feelings, such as anger, depression or loneliness, are often buried deep inside. But these feelings are buried alive and in time will surface. Unfortunately, they may appear when you least expect them and you may misdirect them. It is essential that you express your honest feelings. Feelings can keep people apart or bring them together; they can build walls or build bridges. What is important is that they are shared with a significant someone in your life. The expression of feelings will not always change a situation, but it may change the understanding and attitude regarding the situation."

http://www.hospicenet.org/html/grief_guide.html
http://www.rainbows.org/index.asp
http://www.rainbows.org/docs/feelings.pdf
http://www.rainbows.org/docs/HELPINGCHILDREN.pdf http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/html/Bereavement.html

http://www.crusebereavementcare.org.uk/
http://www.mind.org.uk/

http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/
http://www.childbereavement.org.uk/

Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome

Detoxification may precipitate Wernicke’s encephalopathy, which must be treated urgently with parenteral thiamine. There is a very small risk of anaphylaxis with parenteral vitamin supplementation. This is less likely with the intramuscular route. There has been one case of anaphylaxis solely attributable to intramuscular Pabrinex since 1996.

Symptoms

◦confusion
◦ataxia, especially truncal ataxia
◦ophthalmoplegia
◦nystagmus
◦memory disturbance
◦hypothermia and hypotension
◦coma

http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/74/section4.html

Community Pharmacy and alcohol

Community pharmacy involvement in public health services
There is evidence of the effectiveness of community pharmacy-based public health
interventions such as smoking cessation and methadone maintenanceix for addictions, and in the management of osteoporosis, diabetes and raised cholesterol, but to deliver brief interventions, pharmacists and their staff will need substantial training and support. One study (on methadone-maintenance interventions) suggests that training in motivational interviewing changes pharmacists’ attitudes and belief in self-efficacy. Service users report positive experiences of using community pharmacy-based public health services, suggesting these services are acceptable as well as effective. Pharmacists can be reluctant to initiate discussions with customers on what they perceive to be ‘sensitive’ subjects, and as a result they tend to be reactive rather than proactive.

Choosing Health Through Pharmacy identified opportunistic advice, brief interventions and offering floor space to other health professionals as areas where community pharmacy could make a contributionxiii. These are activities with which community pharmacists can engage, particularly as their public health role has recently been formalised in the new contractual arrangements for Scotland, England and Wales. In England and Wales, pharmacies are required to participate in up to six public health campaigns each year, with topics decided by local primary care organisations (PCOs). In Scotland, Tier 2 of the public health component of the pharmacy contract stipulates participation in up to four public health campaigns each year and allocation of dedicated display space for posters.

Interventions for alcohol misuse
1. Alcohol screening and assessment
ease and speed of use
good sensitivity (to identify people at risk of alcohol misuse)
good specificity (to identify people not at risk of alcohol misuse)
2. Brief interventions
Brief interventions for alcohol misuse are of four main types:

alcohol education

simple advice

simple advice plus brief counselling and continued monitoring

referral to specialist services for diagnostic evaluation and treatment.
The main characteristics of brief interventions include the following:

duration of five to 45 minutes

optional use of protocols or guidelines

they are distinct from brief advice (which usually lasts up to three minutes).
3. Leaflets displayed
4. Cooperation with other Pharmacies, NHS services
5. Appropriate training, communication, psychology of change
http://www.rpsgb.org.uk/pdfs/commpharmalcmisuseservices.pdf
http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/pbr_csr07_psa25.pdf

Hepatitis C

Useful tutorial
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hepatitisc/htm/index.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisc.html

humira

Elective surgery:

Surgery that is subject to choice (election). The choice may be made by the patient or doctor.

For example, the time when a surgical procedure is performed may be elective. The procedure is beneficial to the patient but does not need be done at a particular time.

As opposed to urgent or emergency surgery.

http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=14367

intertrigo

The diagnosis intertrigo refers to an inflammation of the body folds. This is usually located in the inner thighs, armpits, and underside of the breasts or belly. It is red and raw looking. It may itch, ooze or be a little sore.

It is most often due to chafing together of the warm, moist skin, especially in those who are overweight or diabetic. Infection with bacteria or yeast will then develop in the broken skin. A dermatologist should evaluate the condition since there are also several skin diseases that can cause an intertrigo to develop (inverse psoriasis, Haily-Haily, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, glucagonoma and others).

Yeast or bacterial infection can be treated with topical or oral medications. Oozing may be controlled with moist compresses with Burows solution 1:20 followed by air drying, preferably using a hair dryer with a "cool" setting. Prescription topical steroid creams such as hydrocortisone can be used, but only for a few weeks. Stronger topical steroid creams will be more rapidly effective, but if used for more than a few days may cause serious skin damage.

Keeping the area dry and exposed to the air can prevent recurrences. If obese, weight loss is helpful. A wad of soft absorbent cotton, or a band of cotton fabric will help absorb sweat. Antiperspirants will help if excess sweating is part of the problem but should only be tried when it has completely healed. It also helps to wash daily with an antibacterial soap and dust with Zeasorb AF Powder.

Relapses are common with this condition, and revisits periodically to the dermatologist may be needed to adjust treatments in many cases.

http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/intertrigo.html

Gallstones

Stones in gallbladder. They can be cholesterol or pigment stones. Obesity is a contributing factor. Read more here:

http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gallstones/