Difficulties of concentration and memory Absentmindedness Confusion Lack of energy Tiredness Decreased physical performance Depressive mood Anxiety Dizziness Tinnitus :
(Tinnitus is the perception of noise in the ear or head, which is generated inside the body rather than coming from outside. Tinnitus is usually only heard by the person with the condition, but in a very few rare cases it can also be heard by other people. Temporary tinnitus is common if you have a cold, after exposure to loud noise, such as at a music concert, or following a blow to the head. About one in 100 people experience serious problems with long-term, established tinnitus. The sounds can be heard in one ear, both ears, or can appear to come from the middle of the head. The condition is more common in older people, but it can occur at any age, even in quite young children. It often gets worse at quiet times, such as when you're trying to sleep. This is because there is less background noise to mask or distract you from the sounds associated with tinnitus. Tinnitus may also be more noticeable when you're tired. It is estimated that around 10% of the population are affected by some degree of tinnitus. For most people it is an irritation they learn to live with, but for others it can lead to poor concentration, difficulty in sleeping and depression.) Headache
One of the first things that M.M. told us was that Glucuronidation is not the same metabolic process as that performed by β-D-glucuronidase. Glucuronidation is all about UDP leaving the sugar and allowing the nucleophilic xenobiotic (drug) to bind to the sugar, changing the stereochemistry from α to β. Now, the role of β-D-glucuronidase is that if after glucuronidation the drug is not hydrophilic enough to be excreted in the urine, then it is recycled by passing to the bile. β-D-glucuronidase cleaves the drug and glucuronide apart, recycling the drug and increasing its hald-life.
In case a drug is toxic, glutathione is going to be used to remove the toxic electrophile. This happens in the case of paracetamol.
"condition produced by aerial oxidation of unsaturated fat present in foods and other products, marked by unpleasant odour or flavour. When a fatty substance is exposed to air, its unsaturated components are converted into hydroperoxides, which break down into volatile aldehydes, esters, alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons, some of which have disagreeable odours. Butter becomes rancid by the foregoing process and by hydrolysis, which liberates volatile and malodorous acids, particularly butyric acid. Saturated fats such as beef tallow are resistant to oxidation and seldom become rancid at ordinary temperatures"
Hydrolysis :moist heat sterilisation (dry saturated steam rather than superheated/supersaturated steam used-- heat: dry saturated steam @ 121C and 15PSIG contains sensible heat (218BTU/lb) and "latent heat"- the quantity of heat absorbed/released from a substance, suach as ice changing to water/water to steam @ constant T,P- (946BTU/lb), hydration: dry saturated steam + cooled bac.spore i autoclave, steam condenses and hydrates (nt oxidises) the spore. Te layer of condensed H2O imporves heat transfer (rapid!), penetration: rapid-- cotton, wool dressings
Oxidation :dry heat sterilisation, used when cold conditions must be applied
substances that cannot be subjected to moisture H2O soluble powders (heat stable), materials nt penetrable by steam (ols, fats, waxes), glassware, instruments (forceps)
Alkylation :gases: ethylene oxide (plastic, glass made delicate, complex apparatus),formaldehyde, LTSF, can be used in absence of heat, but sterilisation process is too long
A film that inspired me to the fullest to do a Msc in Nutrition and then if possible to apply for a Msc/PG Dip degree in Diet Therapy, after finishing my degree in Pharmacy . I strongly believe that it is true that sometimes drugs do not work as they should do as it is revealed in the true-based story of the film. The film is about a boy- Robbie, who was diagnosed with epilepsy. His condition was complicated and severe and as there was not a clear-cut drug therapy for his case, it was suggested to his parents to undergo an experimental stage and he was prescribed with multiple drugs that made him have multiple and severe side effects. His behaviour, learning abilities and memory were distorted, he had physiological side effects as well, such as constipation which was treated with other medicines, which in turn brought the boy other side effects. Since his condition was not improving, the doctors suggested that he should undergo a surgery and part of his brain to be removed. It is true that that is hemispherectomy can help in the treament of epilepsy, especially of young children, whose epilepsy cause is a dysfunction in one brain side. Suitable candidates are patients who have an underlying disease, such as Rasmussen's encephalitis or Sturge-Weber syndrome, which has damaged the hemisphere.
http://www.epilepsy.com/epilepsy/hemispherectomy http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/Functional_Hemispherectomy/hic_Functional_Hemispherectomy.aspx Hemispherectomy worked as expected in some cases due to the brain's feature of plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity or brain malleability. "This is the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. Neuroplasticity allows the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment. Brain reorganization takes place by mechanisms such as "axonal sprouting" in which undamaged axons grow new nerve endings to reconnect neurons whose links were injured or severed. Undamaged axons can also sprout nerve endings and connect with other undamaged nerve cells, forming new neural pathways to accomplish a needed function. For example, if one hemisphere of the brain is damaged, the intact hemisphere may take over some of its functions. The brain compensates for damage in effect by reorganizing and forming new connections between intact neurons. In order to reconnect, the neurons need to be stimulated through activity. Neuroplasticity sometimes may also contribute to impairment. For example, people who are deaf may suffer from a continual ringing in their ears (tinnitus), the result of the rewiring of brain cells starved for sound. For neurons to form beneficial connections, they must be correctly stimulated." http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=40362
Cases of children who have undergone this brain surgery are:
However, sometimes parents are scared of letting their child undergo such risky surgeries and certainly they are devastated of seeing their child suffering from all the drug side effects, hence although not recommended by doctors due to absence of double-blind evidence-based studies, parents do not hesitate trying the ketogenic diet therapy. This therapy, as it is mentioned in the site of Charlie Foundation http://www.charliefoundation.org/#, "might not be recommended for children with partial seizures, as they may not respond as well, but ketogenic diet helps control seizures in up to two-thirds of children refractory to anticonvulsant drugs. The role of ketone bodies as markers of seizure control is imprecisely defined and their role as direct anticonvulsant agents is also unknown. Tests for transporter defects and enzyme deficiencies help screen diet candidates, however testing is quite difficult as urine dipsticks commonly used for this purpose measure acetoacetate, the less prominent ketone body. Which ketone body actually correlates best with seizure control is unknown. If beta-hydroxybutyrate ketone is actually the preferred marker, a new reflectance meter (Keto-Site™, GDS Diagnostics) will assay the D-isomer from a small drop of blood. But then, what is the “therapeutic concentration” Although, important clinical questions about the ketogenic diet remain unanswered" http://www.charliefoundation.org/frames/diet/overview.php, the fact that this diet helps patients overcome their seizures and not relapse again cannot be denied. In the film, Robbie was treated in the end and didn't appear to have fits anymore. The same hold true for several other patients who had been treated with this diet and have participared in the film. And finally, Charlie Abraham, whose parents founded Charlie Foundation, has also been treated with this diet after anticonvulsant drugs didn't help improve his condition. After being treated, he didn't appear to have fits anymore and he has even participated himself in this movie.
Doctor and all the other healthcare professionals (including me as a one-to-be) please remember, choose the best therapy for your patient, so as never to do harm. FIRST DO NO HARM!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath
